Susquehanna River

The Susquehanna River (originally "Sasquesahanough" per the 1612 John Smith map) is a river located in the northeastern United States. At approximately 444 miles long, it is the longest river on the American east coast and the 16th longest in the United States. The Susquehanna forms from two main branches, with the North Branch, which rises in upstate New York often regarded as an extension of the main branch.

The shorter West Branch, which rises in western Pennsylvania, is sometimes regarded as the principal tributary, joining the North Branch near Northumberland in central Pennsylvania. The river drains 27,500 square miles, covering nearly half of the land area of Pennsylvania and portions of New York and Maryland.

The drainage basin includes portions of the Allegheny Plateau region of the Appalachian Mountains, cutting through water gaps in the lateral mountain ridges in a broad zigzag course to flow across the rural heartland of southeastern Pennsylvania and northeastern Maryland. The river empties into the northern end of the Chesapeake Bay, the ria of the Susquehanna, providing half of the freshwater inflow for the entire Chesapeake Bay.

Description

Rising as the outlet of Otsego Lake in Cooperstown, New York, the north branch of the river runs west-southwest through dairy country, receiving the Unadilla River at Sidney and the Chenango in downtown Binghamton. At Athens in northern Pennsylvania, just across the New York state line, it receives the Chemung from the northwest and makes a right angle curve between Sayre and Towanda to cut through the Endless Mountains in the Allegheny Plateau. It receives the Lackawanna River southwest of Scranton and turns sharply to the southwest, flowing through the former anthracite industrial heartland in the mountain ridges of northeastern Pennsylvania, past Wilkes-Barre, Berwick, Bloomsburg, and Danville. It receives the smaller West Branch from the northwest at Northumberland, just above Sunbury.

Downstream from the confluence of its branches it flows south past Selinsgrove, where it is joined by its Penns Creek tributary, and cuts through a water gap at the western end of Mahantongo Mountain. It receives the Juniata River from the northwest at Duncannon, then passes through its last water gap, through Blue Mountain Pennsylvania, just northwest of Harrisburg. It passes downtown Harrisburg (where it is nearly a mile wide), the largest city on the lower river, and flows southeast across South Central Pennsylvania, forming the border between York and Lancaster counties, as well as receiving Swatara Creek from the northeast. It crosses into northern Maryland approximately 30 miles northeast of Baltimore, where it is joined by Octoraro Creek. Finally the river enters the northern end of the Chesapeake Bay at Havre de Grace, where Concord Point Light was built in 1827 to accommodate the increasing navigational traffic.

Geology

Geologically, the river is extremely ancient, often regarded as the oldest or second oldest major system in the world. It is far older than the mountains through which it turns - the flow of the ancient Susquehanna was so strong that it was able to cut through the mountains even as they were forming from the collision of Africa and North America some 300 million years ago. Remarkably, the river's age means, according to experts, that it may actually predates the Atlantic Ocean.

Before the end of the last ice age, the Susquehanna was a much longer river. The Chesapeake Bay constituted its lower valley before it was flooded by rising waters at the conclusion of the Pleistocene, a formation known as a ria.

Historic importance

The river has played an enormous role throughout the history of the United States. Before European conquest, the Susquehannock, an Iroquoian tribe lived along the river and gave the Susquehanna its name.

In the 17th century, it was inhabited largely by the Lenape, forming roughly the western boundary of their inhabited territory, known as Lenapehoking.

In the 18th century, William Penn, the founder of the Pennsylvania Colony, negotiated with the Lenape to allow white settlement in the colony between the Delaware River and the Susquehanna. Local legend claims that the name of the river comes from an Indian phrase meaning "mile wide, foot deep," referring to the Susquehanna's unusual dimensions, but while the word is Algonquian, it simply means "muddy current."

In the late colonial times, the river became an increasingly important transportation corridor with the discovery of anthracite coal by Necho Allen in its upper reaches in the mountains. In 1792, the Union Canal was proposed linking the Susquehanna and the Delaware along Swatara Creek and Tulpehocken Creek.

In the 19th century, the river became the scene of the growth of industrial centers.

In 1779 General James Clinton led an expedition down the Susquehanna after making the upper portion navigable by damming up the river's source at Otsego Lake, allowing the lake's level to rise, and then destroying the dam and flooding the river for miles downstream. This event is described by James Fenimore Cooper in the introduction to his popular novel The Pioneers. At Tioga, New York, Clinton met up with General John Sullivan's forces, who had marched from Easton, Pennsylvania. Together on August 29, they defeated the Tories and Indians at the Battle of Newtown (near today's city of Elmira, New York). This became known as the "Sullivan-Clinton Campaign" or the "Sullivan Expedition."

Conflicting land claims by Pennsylvania and Connecticut to the Wyoming Valley along the Susquehanna led to the founding of Westmoreland County, Connecticut and the Pennamite Wars, which eventually led to the territory being ceded to Pennsylvania.

During the American Civil War's 1863 Gettysburg Campaign, the commander of the Department of the Susquehanna, Union Major General Darius N. Couch resolved that Robert E. Lee's Confederate Army of Northern Virginia would not cross the Susquehanna. He positioned militia units under Maj. Granville Haller to protect key bridges in Harrisburg and Wrightsville, as well as nearby fords. Confederate forces approached the river at several locations in Cumberland and York counties, but were recalled on June 29 when Lee chose to concentrate his army to the west.

In 1972, the remnants of Hurricane Agnes stalled over the New York-Pennsylvania border, dropping as much as 20 inches of rain on the hilly lands. Much of that precipitation was received into the Susquehanna from its western tributaries, and the valley suffered disastrous flooding. Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, was among the hardest hit communities. The Chesapeake Bay received so much fresh water that it killed much of the marine life.

In 1979, the river was the scene of the most serious nuclear power accident in U.S. history at Three Mile Island southeast of Harrisburg.

In June 2006, significant portions of the river system were affected by the Mid-Atlantic Flood of June 2006, a flood caused by a stalled jet stream-driven storm system. The most significantly affected area in the Susquehanna river basin was in and around the Binghamton, NY region, where flooding exceeded historical records and forced the evacuation off thousands of residents and the destruction of significant amounts of property and infrastructure.

Bridges, ferries, canals and dams

The Susquehanna River has always loomed large in the transportation history of the United States. Prior to the 1818 opening of the Port Deposit Bridge, the river formed a barrier between the northern and southern states, crossable only by ferry. The earliest dams were constructed to support ferry operations in low water.

The presence of many rapids in the river meant that while commercial traffic could navigate down the river in the spring thaws, nothing could move up. This led to the construction of two different canal systems on the Susquehanna, the first by the Proprietors of the Susquehanna Canal and later the Susquehanna and Tidewater Canal. The canals required additional dams to provide canal water and navigation pools. As the industrial age progressed, bridges replaced ferries, and railroads replaced canals, often built right on top of the canal right of way along the river. Many canal remnants can be seen in Havre de Grace, Maryland, along US Route 15 in Pennsylvania, and in upstate New York at various locations.

Today, there are over two hundred bridges crossing the Susquehanna. The sole remaining ferry, at Millersburg, Pennsylvania, is a seasonal tourist attraction. The canals are gone or are part of historical parks, and dams are related to power generation or recreation. Perhaps the most famous of the bridges, the Rockville Bridge, crosses the river from Harrisburg, Pennsylvania to Marysville, Pennsylvania. The Rockville Bridge, when constructed, was the longest stone masonry arch bridge in the world. It was built by the Pennsylvania Railroad in the early 1900s, replacing an earlier iron bridge.

Susquehanna River and Tributaries

• Deer Creek
• Octoraro Creek
• Conowingo Creek
• Muddy Creek (Susquehanna River)
• Pequea Creek
• Conestoga River
  • Little Conestoga Creek
  • Mill Creek
  • Cocalico Creek
• Chiques Creek (known as Chickies Creek until 2002)
  • Little Chiques Creek
• Codorus Creek
  • South Branch Codorus Creek
  • West Branch Codorus Creek
• Conewago Creek (in Adams and York Counties)
  • Bermudian Creek
• Conewago Creek (in Lebanon, Dauphin, and Lancaster Counties)
• Swatara Creek
  • Quittapahilla Creek
  • Little Swatara Creek
• Yellow Breeches Creek
• Paxton Creek
• Conodoguinet Creek
  • Big Spring Creek
• Fishing Creek
• Stony Creek
• Clark Creek
• Sherman Creek
• Juniata River
  • Buffalo Creek
  • Cocolamus Creek
  • Tuscarora Creek
    • East Licking Creek
  • Lost Creek
  • Jacks Creek
  • Kishacoquillas Creek
    • Honey Creek
      • Treaster Run
  • Aughwick Creek
    • Blacklog Creek
    • Little Aughwick Creek
    • Sideling Hill Creek
  • Frankstown Branch Juniata River
    • Standing Stone Creek
    • Shaver Creek
    • Little Juniata River
      • Spruce Creek
      • Sinking Run
      • Bald Eagle Creek
    • Clover Creek
      • Snare Run
  • Raystown Branch Juniata River
    • Great Trough Creek
    • Yellow Creek
    • Brush Creek
      • Shaffer Creek
        • Brush Creek
        • Chapman Run
    • Bloody Run
    • Dunning Creek
      • Bobs Creek
• Powell Creek
• Armstrong Creek
• Wiconisco Creek
• Mahantango Creek
  • Pine Creek
    • Deep Creek
  • Little Mahantango Creek
• Mahanoy Creek
• Penns Creek
  • Middle Creek
  • Pine Creek
    • Elk Creek
  • Sinking Creek
• Shamokin Creek
• West Branch Susquehanna River
  • Chillisquaque Creek
  • Buffalo Creek
  • White Deer Creek
  • White Deer Hole Creek
  • Muncy Creek
    • Little Muncy Creek
  • Loyalsock Creek
    • Elk Creek
      • Kings Creek
    • Little Loyalsock Creek
  • Lycoming Creek
  • Larrys Creek
  • Antes Creek
    • Rauchtown Creek
  • Pine Creek
    • Little Pine Creek
      • Texas Creek
      • Blockhouse Creek
    • Slate Run
    • Cedar Run
    • Babb Creek
      • Stony Fork Creek
    • Marsh Creek
    • West Branch Pine Creek
  • Bald Eagle Creek
    • Fishing Creek
    • Beech Creek
    • Spring Creek
      • Slab Cabin Run
  • Young Womans Creek
  • Kettle Creek
    • Cross Fork
  • Cooks Run
    • Lick Run
  • Sinnemahoning Creek
    • First Fork
    • Bennett Branch
      • Laurel Run
    • Driftwood Branch
      • Sinnemahoning Portage Creek
      • West Creek
  • Mosquito Creek
  • Moshannon Creek
    • Black Moshannon Creek
  • Clearfield Creek
    • Little Clearfield Creek
      • Gazam Run
  • Anderson Creek
  • Chest Creek
• North Branch Susquehanna River
  • Roaring Creek
    • South Branch Roaring Creek
  • Catawissa Creek
  • Fishing Creek
    • Little Fishing Creek
    • Huntington Creek
  • Nescopeck Creek
    • Black Creek
  • Wapwallopen Creek
  • Harveys Creek